Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is the chemical compound with the formula C₂H₄. It is the simplest alkene. Because it contains a carbon-carbon double bond, ethylene is called an unsaturated hydrocarbon or an olefin. It is extremely important in industry and also has a role in biology as a hormone.^[2] Ethylene is the most produced organic compound in the world; global production of ethylene exceeded 107 million metric tonnes per year in 2005.^[3] To meet the ever increasing demand for ethylene, sharp increases in production facilities have been added globally, particularly in the Gulf countries.

Hydrochloric acid is the solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid and has major industrial uses. It is found naturally in gastric acid.Historically called muriatic acid or spirits of salt, hydrochloric acid was produced from vitriol and common salt. The alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan first formally described it in the eighth century. During the Middle Ages, it was used by alchemists in the quest for the philosopher's stone, and later by European scientists including Glauber, Priestley, and Davy in their scientific research.With major production starting in the Industrial Revolution, hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry as a chemical reagent in the large-scale production of vinyl chloride for PVC plastic, and MDI/TDI for polyurethane. It has numerous smaller-scale applications, including household cleaning, production of gelatin and other food additives, descaling, and leather processing. About 20 million metric tonnes of hydrochloric acid are produced annually.

Copper(II) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula CuCl₂. This a yellow-brown solid which slowly absorbs moisture to form a blue-green dihydrate.

Water (H₂O, HOH) is the most abundant molecule on Earth's surface, constituting about 70% of the Earth's surface in liquid, solid, and gaseous states. It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and gas states at standard temperature and pressure. At room temperature, it is a nearly colorless (with a hint of blue), tasteless, and odorless liquid. Many substances dissolve in water and it is commonly referred to as the universal solvent. Because of this, water in nature and in use is rarely pure, and may have some properties different from those in the laboratory. However, there are many compounds that are essentially, if not completely, insoluble in water. Water is the only common substance found naturally in all three common states of matter—for other substances, see Chemical properties. Water is essential for all life on Earth. Water also usually makes up 55% to 78% of the human body.^[3]

Olefin

Olefin, also known as polypropylene or polyethylene, is a long-chain polymer synthetic fiber. It is created when ethylene and/or propylene gases are polymerized under very specific conditions. Olefin was first manufactured in the late 1950s, and has a myriad of applications in manufacturing, household products and clothing. Use of olefin has steadily increased since the 1960s, and continues to gain in popularity every year as new uses for this easy, durable material are found.

Olefin is created when the polymers are melted to a liquid, then run through a machine called a spinneret, which forces the product into a long fiber through small holes. This fiber is then used to make the fabric, or the end product in which it will be used. Because olefin resists dyeing, any dye must be added during this melting process, instead of to the final fabric or product. It is highly favored due to its easy, inexpensive manufacturing process. Surprisingly, olefin is relatively environmentally “friendly” due to the few byproducts produced during manufacturing. Olefin is also easily recycled.

There are several benefits of using olefin. It is very tough and hard wearing, colorfast and stain resistant. The lightweight material — it has the lightest “specific gravity” of any other fabric — dries quickly and wicks sweat and water from the skin. Materials made with olefin holds its shape extremely well, making it good for packing and active use. It also produces very little static, and weathers well in the sun, as long as special stabilizers are added during manufacturing. Olefin is also highly resistant to deterioration from chemicals and moisture. One of the drawbacks of olefin is that, because it has a low melting point, it is flammable and will melt if exposed to high heat.

Olefin is manufactured under several different names, including some very well known such as Tyvek® by DuPont®, Thinsulate® by 3M® and Duraguard® by Kimberly-Clark®. The material is used in everything from active wear, clothing, car and furniture upholstery, truck liners, indoor/outdoor carpeting, wallpaper/wallcoverings, bedding construction and ropes. Olefin is also used in cigarette filters and diapers. In clothing, it is easy to care for — just wash normally and line dry or dry on low heat. Due to its sensitivity to heat, keep clothing made with olefin away from the iron and other sources of extreme heat.